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The issue was not so much one of class or status as it was of officers giving poor leadership.

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An examination of pre-mutiny courts-martial documents shows that Benbow supported tars in conflict with commissioned officers when the question was one of professional seamanship, proper leadership and discipline. How could Kirkby persuade the others to follow his mutinous example? I believe the evidence is quite clear that the root cause of the alienation between Benbow and his Captains lies in the gentlemen/tarpaulin issue, but not as it has been traditionally understood. However, this doesnвЂ™t account for the mutiny of all four of the Captains. Both of these men were known to be blunt and outspoken, and there is ample evidence of KirkbyвЂ™s resentment for being passed over for promotions. Given the character of Benbow and Richard Kirkby, the ringleader of the mutiny, it is not difficult to postulate personal animosity as the prime motivation behind the mutiny. They were not prepared to risk their lives at his behest and on his behalf. That was obviously lacking between Benbow and his captains. We know that successful leadership, even in modern warfare demands a certain respect between leader and follower. What we know for sure, is that some alienation occurred between the captains and their Admiral that prompted them to take advantage of the abominable wind and weather conditions. Most recently, John Hattendorf has suggested that a six-day running battle in light and variable tropical winds contributed to the frustration of both Benbow and his captains. Bullocke, in Sailors Rebellion, 1938 and jealousy and envy as Ruth Bourne contends is shown in KirkbyвЂ™s resentment for being so often passed over, in Queen AnneвЂ™s Navy in the West Indies,1939. These include simple cowardliness on the part of the Captains вЂ“ a view held by those who extol honour and duty and fighting for oneвЂ™s King and Country as John Oldmixon in The British Empire in America in 1708 poor management on BenbowвЂ™s part as evidenced in his not replacing the Captains sooner as Josiah Burchett postulates in War at Sea, 1720 avarice on the part of the Captains, as described by Thomas Lediard in A Naval History of England, 1735 BenbowвЂ™s strict discipline of his officers, as suggested by John Campbell in Lives of British Admirals, 1742 the tar versus gentleman controversy which Campbell describes as held by some of BenbowвЂ™s early detractors who focused on his mean origins personality and character flaws in Benbow as seen in his sharp tongue, impatience and lack of conciliatory manners as held by John Charnock in Biographia Navalis, 1795 BenbowвЂ™s rough and coarse character as proposed by Sir John Laughton, in the Dictionary of National Biography, 1885 madness in Kirkby as speculated by J.G. 2 Over the years several theories have been offered. The cause of the mutiny has remained a mystery. The sentence was carried out on board the Bristol when it reached Plymouth, its first port of call on its return to England on April 16, 1703. Richard Kirkby and Cooper Wade were found guilty of breach of orders, cowardice, neglect of duty, and mutinous actions. He was sentenced to be cashiered and imprisoned. John Constable was found guilty of breach of orders, neglect of duty and mutiny.

Thomas Hudson committed suicide before the trial.

He suffered a fatal wound but did not die before he had court martialled the four recalcitrant Captains. Four of Admiral BenbowвЂ™s ships held themselves aloof from the engagement and left Benbow to be mauled by the French. Vice-Admiral John Benbow 1 commanded a squadron of seven ships in a battle on the Spanish Main near Cartagena, waged over six days with a French squadron of five ships led by Admiral Jean Du Casse. In August 1702, the Royal Navy experienced one of its most embarrassing disaffections.

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